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| Therapeutic Approaches Aimed at Suppression of Cytokine/Chemokine Mediated Stealth Virus Infection | |
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Therapeutic agent |
Reference to its effect on cytokine/chemokine mediated activities |
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Anti-oxidants | |
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Vitamin C Vitamin E N-acetyl-cysteine Alpha-lipoic acid Coenzyme Q10 Butylated hydroxytoluene BHT
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Vlahopoulos S, et.al. Blood 1999;94:1878-89 Wu D, et.al. Atherosclerosis. 1999; 7:297-307. Gosset P, et.al. Eur Respir J 1999;14:98-105 Suzuki YJ, et.al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;189:1709-15 Hodges S, et.al. Biofactors 1999;9:365-70 Hulten LM, et al. Transplantation 1998;66(3):364-9 |
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Diet and Nutritional Supplements | |
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Asparagus cochinchinensis
Gamma linoleic acid Omega-3 lipids Fish oil Flaxseed oil Palm oil Fiber Butyrate Yogurt L-Glycine L-Arginine Zinc Inosine Taurine chloramine S-adenosylmethionine DHEA |
Kim H, et al. Int J Immunopharmacol 1998;20(4-5):153-62
Dirks J, et.al. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998;59:273-7 Venkatraman JT andChu WC . J Am Coll Nutr 1999;18:602-13 James MJ, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(1 Suppl):343S-8S James MJ, et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(1 Suppl):343S-8S Engelberts I, et.al. Br J Nutr 1993;69:159-67 Andoh A, et.al. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1999;23(5 Suppl):S70-3 Andoh A et al. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;118:23-9 Ha CL, et.al. J Food Prot 1999;62:181-8 Spittler A, et al. FASEB J 1999 ;13:563-71 Haberstroh U, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998 ;9:203-10. Connell P, et al. J Am Coll Nutr 1997 ;16:411-7 Hasko G, et al. J Immunol 2000;164:1013-9 Kontny E, et al. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:2552-60 Watson WH, et al. Biochem J 1999;342 ( Pt 1):21-5 Araghi-Niknam M, et al. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1997 ;216:386-91 |
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Herbal Medicines | |
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Bindarit
Capsaicin Curcumin Chongmyung-Tang Epigallocatechin gallate Cimicifuga rhizoma Genistein Ginkgo biloba Hymenialdisine Oren-gedoku-to Polygala tenuifolia Rosmarinus officinalis Linn Glucosidorum Tripterygii tororum Quercetin Rehmannia glutinosa Gallic acid esters (red wine) Sanguinarine Sesquiterpene lactone helenalin Silymarin Urtica dioica Zingiberaceae |
Zoja C, et al. Kidney Int 1998 ;53:726-34
Yu R, et al. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 1998;68:114-9 Jobin C, et al.. J Immunol 1999;163:3474-83 Kim HM, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 1999;66:295-300 Yang F, et al. J Nutr 1998;128:2334-40 Hirabayashi T, et al.. Planta Med 1995;61:221-6 Tabary O, et al. Am J Pathol 1999;155:473-81 Wei Z, et al.. Gen Pharmacol 1999;33:369-75 Breton JJ, et al. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;282:459-66 Wang LM,et al.. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997;49:102-4 Kim HM, et al.. J Ethnopharmacol 1998;61:201-8 al-Sereiti MR, et al. Indian J Exp Biol 1999;37:124-30 Wang ZG. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1997;17:348-50 Ishikawa Y, et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:2290-6 Kim HM,. et al. Pharmacol Res 1999;40:171-6 Murase T, et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:1412-20 Chaturvedi MM, et al. J Biol Chem 1997 28;272:30129-34 Lyss G, et al. J Biol Chem 1998 11;273:33508-16 Saliou C, et al. FEBS Lett 1998 27;440:8-12 Riehemann K, et al. FEBS Lett 1999; 8;442:89-94 Surh Y. Mutat Res 1999;428:305-27 |
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Anti-leukotriene medications | |
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Montelukast
Zileuton |
Denizot Y, et al. Cytokine 1999;11:606-10
Aoki Y, et al. Am J Physiol 1998;274:L1030-9 |
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Over the Counter anti-ulcer medications | |
|
Sulglycotide
Rebamipide Polaprezinc |
Slomiany BL, Piotrowski J, Slomiany A.
Aihara M, et al.. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43(9 Suppl):174S-180S Shimada T, et al.. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;291:345-52 |
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Over the Counter anti-rheumatic medications | |
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Aspirin
Ibuprofen Sodium salicylate Nimesulide Diclofenac |
Shi X, et al. Mol Cell Biochem 1999;199:93-102.
Stuhlmeier KM, et al. Biochem Pharmacol 1999 1;57:313-20 Lemay S, et al. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999;6:567-72 Azab A, et al. J. Life Sci 1998;63: 323-7 Henrotin YE, et al. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:151-60 |
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Prescription ani-rheumatic drugs* | |
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Chloroquine Sulfasalazine D-penicillamine Gold Glucocorticoids Methotrexate Bucillamine Quinine Quinacrine Thalidomide |
Zhu X, et al.. Immunology 1993;80:122-6 Deleuran B, et al. Cytokine 1992;4:403-9 Deleuran B, et al. Cytokine 1992;4:403-9 Yoshida S, et al. Int Immunol 1999;11:151-8 Bourke E, and Moynagh PN. J Immunol 1999;163:2113-9. Boiardi L, et al. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1999;17:419-25 Matsuno H, et al.. Int J Immunopharmacol 1998;20:295-304 Maruyama N, et al. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994;10:514-20 Bondeson J, and Sundler R. Gen Pharmacol 1998;30:357-66 Dunzendorfer S, et al. Immunopharmacology 1999;43:59-64 |
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Antibiotics that suppress chemokines* | |
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Clarithromycin
Roxithromycin Erythromycin Doxycycline Minocycline |
Matsuoka N, et al. Clin Exp Immunol 1996;104:501-8
Nonaka M, et al. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1998;539:71-5 Takizawa H, et al. J. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156:266-71 Attur MG, et al. J Immunol 1999 15;162:3160-7 Attur MG, et al. J Immunol 1999 15;162:3160-7 |
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Other Drugs that can suppress chemokines* | |
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ACE Inhibitors+
HMG-CoA reductase# inhibitors Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors Ca(2+)-channel blockers PGE(2) including agents Nucloside analogue Desferrioxamine Pentoxifylline Furosemide Thyroxine Vitamin B3 Vitamin B6 Vitamin B12 Vitamin D Progesterone Estrogens Bile acids Ketamine Morphine Levodopa Selegiline Sertraline Trazadone Haloperidol |
Gullestad L, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:2061-7
Ortego M, et al. J. Atherosclerosis 1999;147:253-61 Lane TE,et al. J Neurovirol 1999;5:48-54 Rodler S, et al. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1995;27:2295-302 Kunkel SL, et al. J Biol Chem 1988 15;263:5380-4 Zidek Z, et al. Eur J Pharmacol 1999 2;376:91-100 Martelius T, et al. Transplantation 1999 15;68:1753-61 Neuner P, et al. Immunology 1994 ;83:262-7 Yuengsrigul A, et al. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999;83:559-66 Rittenhouse PA, and Redei E. Endocrinology 1997 ;138:1434-9 Pero RW, et al. Mol Cell Biochem 1999;193:119-25 Roubenoff R,et al. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:105-9 Buccellato FR, et al. . FASEB J 1999;13:297-304 Harant H, et al.. Eur J Biochem 1997 15;250:63-71 Vassiliadou N, et al. J Immunol 1999;15;162:7510-8 Inadera H, et al. Endocrinology 2000;141:50-9 Saitoh O, et al. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;13:1212-7 Kawasaki T, et al. Anesth Analg 1999;89:665-9 Grimm MC, et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998 1;840:9-20 Bessler H, et al. Biomed Pharmacother 1999;53:141-5 Muller T, J Neural Transm Suppl 1998;52:321-8. Maes M, et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;20:370-9 Maes M, et al. Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;20:370-9 Moots RJ, et al. Ann Rheumatic Dis 1999;58:585-7 |
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Chemokine and chemokine receptor blocking agents | |
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Heparin*
Chondroitin Mannans Peptide T |
Ramdin L, et al. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:616-24
Kuschert GS et al. Biochemistry 1999;38:12959-68 Mbemba E, et al. Virology 1999;265:354-64 Redwine LS, et al. Clin Immunol 1999;93:124-31 |
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Legend to the Table | |
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* The use of these medications solely for stealth virus infections is not being suggested. This does not, however, preclude an assessment of their potential anti-stealth virus activity in patients in whom the use of the medication is medically indicated.
+ ACE Angiotension converting enzyme # Cholesterol lowering |
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